Which of the following describes how languages can vary?

The assertion that languages can vary through denotations, connotations, phonology, and pragmatics captures the multifaceted nature of language variation. Denotation refers to the literal meanings of words, while connotation encompasses the associated meanings or emotional undertones of those words. Phonology involves the sound systems of languages, which can differ significantly between languages or even dialects, influencing accents and pronunciation. Pragmatics deals with the use of language in context, including the social and conversational rules that govern communication.

This multifaceted view acknowledges that language is not static and can change across various dimensions. By considering multiple aspects of language — from meaning to sound to contextual use — one gains a deeper understanding of how and why different languages and dialects emerge and evolve over time. Emphasizing only one aspect, such as grammar and syntax, fails to capture the richness and diversity inherent in language variation.