Which factor primarily hinders students' metacognitive processes?

The correct choice indicates that all listed factors—tendency to apply grammatical patterns from native language to English, unfamiliar vocabulary, and lack of tools for cognitive control—can hinder students' metacognitive processes. Metacognition refers to the awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes, including the ability to monitor, control, and plan learning strategies effectively.

When students tend to apply grammatical patterns from their native language to English, it can lead to confusion and misinterpretation, preventing them from effectively recognizing the differences in language rules that affect their comprehension and learning strategies. This struggle can inhibit their ability to evaluate their understanding and adjust their learning approaches accordingly.

Unfamiliar vocabulary poses a barrier as well: when students encounter words they do not know, it can lead to misunderstandings and frustration, which may limit their ability to reflect on their understanding of texts. This unfamiliarity can impair their capability to assess their comprehension and strategize effectively, making it hard to improve their language skills.

Lastly, a lack of tools for cognitive control means that students may not have the strategies or resources necessary to engage in self-assessment and regulation of their learning processes. Without these tools, they may struggle to plan effectively or monitor their progress, further hindering their metacognitive