What is a primary obstacle that learners face when transferring from their first language to a new language?

The primary obstacle that learners often face when transferring from their first language to a new language is a lack of vocabulary. This challenge is significant because vocabulary is fundamental to effective communication. Without sufficient words to express thoughts, feelings, or ideas, learners may struggle to engage in conversations, read effectively, or write with clarity in the new language.

When learners transfer to a new language, they may find themselves limited in the words and phrases they can use, making it difficult to convey meaning or understand others. This lack of vocabulary can lead to frustration and reduced motivation, as students may feel unable to fully participate in discussions or comprehend the material they encounter.

In contrast, having extensive vocabulary or strong background knowledge can actually enhance language acquisition, allowing learners to make connections and build upon what they already know. High proficiency in grammar also does not generally hinder the learning process; instead, it aids in constructing sentences and expressing complex ideas in the new language. Thus, the absence of a robust vocabulary is indeed a critical barrier for language learners transitioning from their first language to a new one.