What can help students in developing CALP?

The correct answer centers on the concept of Common Underlying Proficiency (CUP), which suggests that skills and knowledge acquired in a student's first language can be transferred to their second language. This means that when learners draw upon the cognitive and academic skills they have developed in their primary language, they can enhance their ability to achieve Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) in their second language. CALP involves language skills that are used in academic contexts, such as understanding complex texts, discussing abstract concepts, and engaging in high-level reasoning.

By incorporating ideas and skills from their first language, students not only reinforce their existing knowledge but also create connections that facilitate deeper understanding and learning in the second language. This transfer of knowledge plays a critical role in academic success, particularly for English language learners who may struggle with academic tasks in English.

In contrast, the other options do not actively promote the development of CALP. Engaging solely in spoken English practice may improve conversational skills but would not address the academic language necessary for success in school. Focusing only on grammar and pronunciation limits the broader cognitive and context-rich interactions necessary for developing higher-level language skills. Likewise, while participating in extracurricular activities can boost language exposure and social interactions, it does not directly support the academic