How many major functional categories of discourse are identified in the functional-notional approach?

The functional-notional approach identifies five major functional categories of discourse. This framework is centered around how language is used in context and emphasizes the importance of communicative functions over solely grammatical structures. The five categories typically include functions such as expressing needs and wants, giving and requesting information, expressing opinions and emotions, and making social contact.

This approach is particularly relevant in language teaching, as it aids educators in creating lessons that enhance students' ability to use language in real-life situations, making communication more effective and relatable. Recognizing these five functional categories enables language learners to grasp not just vocabulary and grammar, but the broader purposes of language as a tool for interaction.